發布日期:2026-03-30
少見組織型態卵巢癌 (Less Common Ovarian Cancers, LCOC) 在臨床上約佔所有卵巢惡性腫瘤的15~20%。相較於最常見的高惡性度漿液性癌,這些亞型在病理生理學、遺傳驅動因素、臨床病程以及對化學治療的敏感度上表現出高度的異質性。(註:子宮內膜樣上皮癌的治療與傳統高惡性度漿液性癌相同,故不在第八章重複說明)[9]
癌肉瘤 (Carcinosarcomas, 又稱MMMTs)
透明細胞癌 (Clear cell carcinoma)
黏液性癌 (Mucinous carcinoma)
低惡性度漿液性 (Low-grade serous carcinoma)
邊緣性上皮腫瘤 (Borderline epithelial tumors)
性腺間質腫瘤 (Sex cord-stromal tumors)
生殖細胞腫瘤 (Germ cell tumors)
由於這些疾病的罕見性,難以累積足夠的病例進行大規模臨床試驗。且部分型態癌症對傳統的Taxane與Carboplatin組合反應較差,甚至表現出完全不同的進展模式:
顆粒細胞瘤:具遲發性復發特性,需長期追蹤。
低惡性度漿液性癌:對標靶藥物反應較佳。
生殖細胞瘤:預後良好,利用手術配合BEP/VIP等療法多數患者可治癒。
惡性生殖細胞腫瘤可能性:對於年齡小於三十五歲的患者,須例行測定AFP、hCG以及LDH 。這些指標不僅有助於鑑別診斷,更是監測化療反應與追蹤復發的重要基準。
黏液性組織型態:若病理切片或臨床表現傾向於黏液性組織型態,則必須進行完整的胃腸道評估,包括胃鏡與大腸鏡檢查,以排除來自闌尾、大腸或胃的轉移性癌。許多初步診斷為卵巢原發黏液性癌的病例,最終被證實為轉移癌。
手術的角色:可達到診斷與減積,與高分化漿液性癌相似,其核心目標是達成最大程度的腫瘤細胞減積,理想情況下應去除所有肉眼可見的病灶。
生育功能的保留:這類患者的發病年齡往往較輕,需盡早探討生育功能的保留之可能。
第IA期的邊緣性腫瘤、早期惡性生殖細胞腫瘤、第IA期的性索基質腫瘤:對於具生育意願的女性,可以考慮僅進行單側輸卵管卵巢切除術 (Unilateral Salpingo-Oophorectomy) 並搭配完整的手術分期,保留子宮與對側健康的卵巢。
透明細胞癌、癌肉瘤:不建議保留生育能力,因為這類癌症極具侵襲性。
地區差異性:卵巢透明細胞癌在美國雖然僅佔卵巢癌的5%,但在亞洲地區卻是較為普遍的亞型。其與子宮內膜異位有著類似的致病機轉,常被視為由異位內膜轉化而來。
併發症:這類病患更容易出現靜脈血栓及高鈣血症等併發症,應密切監測患者的凝血功能與電解質平衡。
化療抗性:卵巢透明細胞癌被公認為對傳統化學治療具有高度抗性。雖然目前指引建議Taxane聯合Carboplatin為首選療法,但其反應率往往不及漿液性癌的一半。
臨床實證:GOG-157試驗的子群分析顯示,早期 (第I-II期) 透明細胞癌患者接受PCb療法共6療程,相較於3療程並無生存獲益,反而提升血液與神經毒性。故3週期為透明細胞癌患者較適合的療程時長。[55]
免疫檢查點抑制劑:微衛星不穩定性 (MSI/MMR) 在透明細胞癌中也具備潛在的臨床價值,未來在復發時可使用免疫檢查點抑制劑。
解剖特徵:黏液性卵巢癌 (Ovarian Mucinous Carcinoma) 的臨床表現以巨大的囊腫為特徵,甚至能填滿整個腹部及骨盆。通常於疾病早期就被診斷出來,預後相當良好。5年存活率高達80-90%。
病理特徵:在病理學上,要區分原發性卵巢黏液性腺癌與來自胃腸道的轉移性癌極具挑戰。PAX8陽性傾向於卵巢來源,而 SATB2陽性則強烈提示大腸來源。
黏液性癌在晚期或復發階段表現出對標準Taxane/Carboplatin的高度抗性。藥理研究顯示,黏液性卵巢癌細胞對於5-FU或Oxaliplatin具有良好的反應率。因此,對於第IC期或更高分期的患者,治療偏向類同胃腸道模式的化療療法。[56]
第IA與IB期:術後進行密切觀察與追蹤,不需進行輔助治療。
晚期與復發:考慮使用胃腸道癌症常用化療:FOLFOX或Capecitabine、CAPOX。
Bevacizumab:在復發性黏液性癌的治療中,加入Bevacizumab被列為2B類建議,臨床數據顯示其可能增加疾病控制率,但也需警惕腸穿孔的風險。
闌尾切除:若手術中觀察到闌尾外觀異常,應執行闌尾切除以排除來源隱患。
低惡性度漿液性癌 (Low-Grade Serous Carcinoma, LGSC) 雖然在所有卵巢癌中佔比 < 5%,但其臨床管理卻經歷了天翻地覆的變革。
特徵:發病年齡輕、進程相對緩慢、對傳統化療敏感度極低 (僅約4-15%),但其發病機制與MAPK途徑的活化相關。
LGSC的標準初始治療為完整的減積手術;第IC-IV期患者建議加上術後含鉑化療 (如Paclitaxel/Carboplatin)。
賀爾蒙維持治療:一項大型回顧性研究指出,LGSC患者在術後輔助化療結束後,接受Letrozole或Tamoxifen的賀爾蒙維持治療,其mPFS較僅觀察者延長了近40個月,但mOS無顯著差異。基於PFS的顯著結果,賀爾蒙維持治療仍為2B類建議選項。[57]
建議追蹤:理學檢查與骨盆檢查。
追蹤頻率:
前2年:每2至4個月回診一次。
第3至5年: 每3至6個月回診一次。
5 年之後:每年回診一次。
二次手術條件:對於滿足以下條件的患者,可考慮進行二次減瘤手術:
具有較長的無病間隔
影像學顯示為孤立性腫塊而非彌漫性疾病
出現腸阻塞症狀
LGSC復發首選全身性療法:由於對LGSC化療的高耐藥性,MEK抑制劑為首選療法。
MEK抑制劑抗癌機制:
MEK生理功能:MAPK/ERK訊息傳遞路徑與細胞生長、增殖與存活相關,上游為RTK-RAS/RAF的訊號,之後通過中游的節點的MEK蛋白傳遞訊息至ERK,最後影響DNA表現。多數LGSC患者帶有KRAS或NRAS突變,而使該路徑處於持續活化的狀態,導致癌細胞不斷分裂。
MEK抑制劑機制:能中斷MAPK/ERK路徑中的MEK蛋白,阻止持續活化的訊息傳遞,並妨礙癌細胞生存所需訊號。
關鍵實證:
Trametinib:GOG-281/ LOGS第II/III期試驗顯示,Trametinib於復發後LGSC患者相較於傳統化療或賀爾蒙療法,能顯著延長PFS中位數。Trametinib是首個在復發後LGSC中證明優於化療的標靶藥物。[58]
Binimetinib:MILO/ ENGOT-ov11第II期試驗顯示,Binimetinib於此類患者無法顯著延長PFS中位數;但後驗分析顯示對KRAS突變患者仍有反應,且化療組表現比歷史數據更好。因此對於KRAS突變患者仍適合使用Binimetinib。[59]
皮疹:3-4級發生率達13%,需密切追蹤。
腹瀉:3-4級發生率達10%,適時給予止瀉藥與電解質溶液治療。
血壓升高:3-4級發生率達10%,適時給予降壓藥物。
Dabrafenib + Trametinib:NCI-MATCH試驗分析帶有BRAF V600E突變的罕見LGSC病例,雙標靶治療展現了極高的反應率 (38%),高於歷史上其他藥物之反應率 (5%)。目前FDA核准此組合療法,用於所有BRAF突變的實體瘤 (不分癌別)。[60]
表8.5 LGSC治療相關試驗與研究
| 試驗/對照組 | 試驗名稱 | 納入族群 | 關鍵結果 |
| Maintenance Letrozole或Tamoxifen vs. 觀察 | 回顧性研究 [57] | 70位LGSC患者在術後輔助化療後接受維持療法 133位僅觀察 |
mPFS: 64.9 vs. 26.4個月 (p< 0.001)* mOS: 102.7 vs. 115.7個月 |
| Trametinib (2mg QD) vs. 醫師選擇化療/荷爾蒙 | GOG-281/ LOGS, phase II/III RCT [58] | 260名經至少一次含鉑化療R/R LGSC患者 | mPFS: 13.0 vs. 7.2個月 (HR: 0.48, P<0.0001)* mOS: 37.6 vs. 29.2 個月 (HR: 0.76, p= 0.056) |
| Binimetinib (45mg BID) vs. 醫師選擇化療 | MILO/ ENGOT-ov11, phase III RCT [59] | 303位R/R LGSC患者 | mPFS: 9.1 vs. 10.6個月 (HR 1.21) ORR: 16% vs. 13% |
| Dabrafenib + Trametinib | NCI-MATCH 子療法H (EAY131-H) [60] | 35位BRAF V600E突變的各種晚期實體瘤 (含5例LGSC) | ORR: 38% mPFS: 11.4個月 |
HR: hazard ratio; LGSC: Low-grade serous carcinoma; mOS: median overall survival; mPFS: median progression-free survival; ORR: objective response rate; RCT: randomized controlled trial; R/R: relapsed/refractory/
惡性生殖細胞腫瘤在臨床上相對少見,但卻是青少年與年輕女性最常見的卵巢惡性腫瘤,發病中位年齡僅為16至20歲。[6]
臨床特徵:這類腫瘤雖然進展極快,但對鉑類藥物具有極高的敏感度,即便分期較晚,治癒率仍可超過85%。
可保留生育功能:與上皮癌不同,即便生殖細胞腫瘤已發生轉移 (第II-IV期),仍優先考慮保留子宮與至少一個卵巢,因為剩餘的微小病灶通常能透過後續化療徹底根除。
青少年患者,若臨床高度懷疑為早期病變且影像學正常,特定個案討論下省略部分手術分期步驟以減少創傷。
術後輔助化療通常採用生殖細胞癌的標準療法-BEP (Bleomycin、Etoposide、Cisplatin) 3至4療程。此療法的療效顯著,但也伴隨著特定的毒性。[61]
Bleomycin肺毒性 [62]
風險因子:腎功能低下、> 40歲、第四期癌症、Bleomycin累積劑量> 300 IU、高濃度氧氣、胸部放射線治療、抽菸、G-CSF的使用。
追蹤:治療期間,每週至每兩週進行一次CXR;指導患者監測呼吸短促、乾咳等初期症狀,並定期安排肺功能檢查 (DLCO)。
預防措施:嚴格核算累積劑量;避免於用藥期間使用非必要性的G-CSF;提醒患者勿進行水肺潛水,以避免壓力與氧氣濃度變化對肺部造成額外負擔。
針對具風險因子之患者,可考慮換用VIP療法 (etoposide/ifosfamide/cisplatin)
Bleomycin皮膚毒性:包括皮膚色素沉澱、紅疹、角質化等。
腎功能:Cisplatin具有強烈的腎毒性。住院醫師應開立充足的前後輸液,藥師應根據肌酸酐清除率評估劑量調整。
生長性畸胎瘤症候群 (Growing Teratoma Syndrome) :這是一個臨床上的陷阱。若患者化療後AFP/hCG指標已恢復正常,但影像檢查發現殘餘病灶正在增大,這通常代表惡性成分已轉化為良性畸胎瘤,此時應採外科切除而非繼續化療。
對於第I期無性細胞瘤或第I期1級未成熟畸胎瘤,目前的證據支持術後僅進行密切觀察,而非例行化療,以減少患者暴露於長期毒性的風險。
對於接受化療後達到完全臨床緩解的患者:
追蹤指標:需追蹤AFP與beta-HCG
監測頻率:前2年內,每2至4個月進行一次臨床觀察
惡性性索基質腫瘤中最具代表性的是顆粒細胞瘤 (Granulosa Cell Tumors) 。這類腫瘤會產生雌激素,常導致不正常子宮出血或子宮內膜增生,這些症狀往往是診斷的契機。[6]
抑制素 (Inhibin):是顆粒細胞瘤最重要的生化標記。研究顯示,Inhibin B在腫瘤復發前數月即可觀察到升高現象,因此建議將其作為長期監測的必備項目。
Inhibin追蹤期:顆粒細胞瘤的追蹤期應長達20至30年,因為該疾病可能在數十年後才緩慢復發,與一般卵巢癌不同。
對於侷限於單側卵巢的早期顆粒細胞瘤,可以進行生育保留手術,且若外觀正常,可省略淋巴結清除術。
晚期或復發病患治療:BEP療法、Taxane/Carboplatin療法或各種賀爾蒙治療。
Bevacizumab單藥治療:對復發性顆粒細胞瘤具有臨床活性 (2B類建議)。
臨床特性:卵巢癌肉瘤,過去被稱為惡性混合苗勒氏瘤 (MMMT) ,目前被病理學界定義為分化極差、且經歷了上皮-間質轉化 (EMT) 的上皮性癌亞型。這是所有卵巢惡性腫瘤中預後最差、侵襲性最強的一種,診斷時往往已處於晚期。[6]
外科手術:由於惡性度高應採取最激進的減積策略,且不建議進行生育保留手術。
術後輔助化療:比照高級別漿液性癌,但反應時間往往較短。NCCN指引也列出了Ifosfamide聯合Taxane或Cisplatin作為備選療法,但主要基於二期試驗的數據。[63]
邊緣性上皮腫瘤在生物學行為上介於良性與惡性之間,其定義特徵是細胞具備異型性但無基質侵襲。[6]
特性:發病年齡較輕,診斷時通常為第一期,五年存活率通常超過80%。
非侵襲性植入:術後僅需定期影像與標記監測,不建議化療,因為化療並不能預防復發或提高存活率。
侵襲性植入:這類患者的預後較差,治療應參考LGSC的療法,包括術後含鉑化療。
手術建議:對於已完成生育任務的女性,指引建議在生育保留手術完成後幾年內考慮執行徹底手術以絕後患。
卵巢癌並非僅起源於卵巢,多數高惡性度漿液性癌實則源於輸卵管遠端上皮(STIC)。臨床診斷雖依賴影像,但最終必須透過精確的 FIGO 手術分期來確立治療基準;準確的分期是決定後續輔助治療強度與範圍的重要依據。
手術預後與殘餘腫瘤大小呈直接正相關,是提升生存率的最佳手段。第一線化療應以鉑類為基礎的合併療法 (如Carboplatin + Paclitaxel),針對高腫瘤負荷患者,採用劑量密集 (Dose-dense) 方案可進一步強化存活獲益。
對於廣泛轉移且難以達成R0的晚期患者,術前輔助化療能在不減損總存活率的前提下,顯著降低手術併發症與病死率。進入維持治療階段後,根據BRCA與HRD狀態選用 PARP 抑制劑已成為標準療法。
復發治療的決策核心在於鉑類藥物敏感性的判定。針對鉑類敏感者,二次手術與再次含鉑化療是首選;針對鉑類抗藥性患者,傳統化療療效有限,臨床應積極導入新型 ADC 藥物 (如MIRV),針對特定分子標記 (如FRα) 達成精準打擊,以突破治療瓶頸。
作者:癌症諮詢雜貨店 傅彥崴 藥師
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