癌症專業教育

卵巢癌、輸卵管癌診察與藥物治療臨床實務手冊

第八章、少見組織型態卵巢癌之臨床處置

發布日期:2026-03-30

本章目錄
  1. 8.1 臨床診斷程序與初期檢查評估
  2. 8.2 少見組織型態卵巢癌之通用手術原則
  3. 8.3 卵巢透明細胞腺癌 (Ovarian Clear Cell Carcinoma, OCCC)
  4. 8.4 黏液性卵巢癌 (Ovarian Mucinous Carcinoma)
  5. 8.5 低惡性度漿液性癌 (Low-Grade Serous Carcinoma)
  6. 副作用
  7. 8.5.4 BRAF V600E突變與標靶治療
  8. 8.6 卵巢生殖細胞腫瘤 (Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors)
  9. 8.7 惡性性索基質腫瘤 (Malignant Sex Cord Stromal Cell Tumors)
  10. 8.8 癌肉瘤 (Carcinosarcomas)
  11. 8.9 邊緣性上皮腫瘤 (Borderline Epithelial Tumors)
  12. 總結
  13. References:

  • 少見組織型態卵巢癌 (Less Common Ovarian Cancers, LCOC) 在臨床上約佔所有卵巢惡性腫瘤的15~20%。相較於最常見的高惡性度漿液性癌,這些亞型在病理生理學、遺傳驅動因素、臨床病程以及對化學治療的敏感度上表現出高度的異質性。(註:子宮內膜樣上皮癌的治療與傳統高惡性度漿液性癌相同,故不在第八章重複說明)[9]

    • 癌肉瘤 (Carcinosarcomas, 又稱MMMTs)

    • 透明細胞癌 (Clear cell carcinoma)

    • 黏液性癌 (Mucinous carcinoma)

    • 低惡性度漿液性 (Low-grade serous carcinoma)

    • 邊緣性上皮腫瘤 (Borderline epithelial tumors)

    • 性腺間質腫瘤 (Sex cord-stromal tumors)

    • 生殖細胞腫瘤 (Germ cell tumors)

  • 由於這些疾病的罕見性,難以累積足夠的病例進行大規模臨床試驗。且部分型態癌症對傳統的Taxane與Carboplatin組合反應較差,甚至表現出完全不同的進展模式:

    • 顆粒細胞瘤:具遲發性復發特性,需長期追蹤。

    • 低惡性度漿液性癌:對標靶藥物反應較佳。

    • 生殖細胞瘤:預後良好,利用手術配合BEP/VIP等療法多數患者可治癒。

8.1 臨床診斷程序與初期檢查評估

  • 惡性生殖細胞腫瘤可能性:對於年齡小於三十五歲的患者,須例行測定AFP、hCG以及LDH 。這些指標不僅有助於鑑別診斷,更是監測化療反應與追蹤復發的重要基準。

  • 黏液性組織型態:若病理切片或臨床表現傾向於黏液性組織型態,則必須進行完整的胃腸道評估,包括胃鏡與大腸鏡檢查,以排除來自闌尾、大腸或胃的轉移性癌。許多初步診斷為卵巢原發黏液性癌的病例,最終被證實為轉移癌。

8.2 少見組織型態卵巢癌之通用手術原則

  • 手術的角色:可達到診斷與減積,與高分化漿液性癌相似,其核心目標是達成最大程度的腫瘤細胞減積,理想情況下應去除所有肉眼可見的病灶。

  • 生育功能的保留:這類患者的發病年齡往往較輕,需盡早探討生育功能的保留之可能。

    • 第IA期的邊緣性腫瘤、早期惡性生殖細胞腫瘤、第IA期的性索基質腫瘤:對於具生育意願的女性,可以考慮僅進行單側輸卵管卵巢切除術 (Unilateral Salpingo-Oophorectomy) 並搭配完整的手術分期,保留子宮與對側健康的卵巢。

    • 透明細胞癌、癌肉瘤:不建議保留生育能力,因為這類癌症極具侵襲性。

8.3 卵巢透明細胞腺癌 (Ovarian Clear Cell Carcinoma, OCCC)

  • 地區差異性:卵巢透明細胞癌在美國雖然僅佔卵巢癌的5%,但在亞洲地區卻是較為普遍的亞型。其與子宮內膜異位有著類似的致病機轉,常被視為由異位內膜轉化而來。

  • 併發症:這類病患更容易出現靜脈血栓及高鈣血症等併發症,應密切監測患者的凝血功能與電解質平衡。

8.3.1 輔助治療與週期選擇的實證分析

  • 化療抗性:卵巢透明細胞癌被公認為對傳統化學治療具有高度抗性。雖然目前指引建議Taxane聯合Carboplatin為首選療法,但其反應率往往不及漿液性癌的一半。

  • 臨床實證:GOG-157試驗的子群分析顯示,早期 (第I-II期) 透明細胞癌患者接受PCb療法共6療程,相較於3療程並無生存獲益,反而提升血液與神經毒性。故3週期為透明細胞癌患者較適合的療程時長。[55]

  • 免疫檢查點抑制劑:微衛星不穩定性 (MSI/MMR) 在透明細胞癌中也具備潛在的臨床價值,未來在復發時可使用免疫檢查點抑制劑。

8.4 黏液性卵巢癌 (Ovarian Mucinous Carcinoma)

  • 解剖特徵:黏液性卵巢癌 (Ovarian Mucinous Carcinoma) 的臨床表現以巨大的囊腫為特徵,甚至能填滿整個腹部及骨盆。通常於疾病早期就被診斷出來,預後相當良好。5年存活率高達80-90%。

  • 病理特徵:在病理學上,要區分原發性卵巢黏液性腺癌與來自胃腸道的轉移性癌極具挑戰。PAX8陽性傾向於卵巢來源,而 SATB2陽性則強烈提示大腸來源。

8.4.1 治療療法的個體化選擇

黏液性癌在晚期或復發階段表現出對標準Taxane/Carboplatin的高度抗性。藥理研究顯示,黏液性卵巢癌細胞對於5-FU或Oxaliplatin具有良好的反應率。因此,對於第IC期或更高分期的患者,治療偏向類同胃腸道模式的化療療法。[56]

  • 第IA與IB期:術後進行密切觀察與追蹤,不需進行輔助治療。

  • 晚期與復發:考慮使用胃腸道癌症常用化療:FOLFOX或Capecitabine、CAPOX。

  • Bevacizumab:在復發性黏液性癌的治療中,加入Bevacizumab被列為2B類建議,臨床數據顯示其可能增加疾病控制率,但也需警惕腸穿孔的風險。

8.4.2 手術治療

  • 闌尾切除:若手術中觀察到闌尾外觀異常,應執行闌尾切除以排除來源隱患。

8.5 低惡性度漿液性癌 (Low-Grade Serous Carcinoma)

  • 低惡性度漿液性癌 (Low-Grade Serous Carcinoma, LGSC) 雖然在所有卵巢癌中佔比 < 5%,但其臨床管理卻經歷了天翻地覆的變革。

  • 特徵:發病年齡輕、進程相對緩慢、對傳統化療敏感度極低 (僅約4-15%),但其發病機制與MAPK途徑的活化相關。

8.5.1 初始治療與賀爾蒙維持治療

  • LGSC的標準初始治療為完整的減積手術;第IC-IV期患者建議加上術後含鉑化療 (如Paclitaxel/Carboplatin)。

  • 賀爾蒙維持治療:一項大型回顧性研究指出,LGSC患者在術後輔助化療結束後,接受Letrozole或Tamoxifen的賀爾蒙維持治療,其mPFS較僅觀察者延長了近40個月,但mOS無顯著差異。基於PFS的顯著結果,賀爾蒙維持治療仍為2B類建議選項。[57]

8.5.2 LGSC之追蹤

  • 建議追蹤:理學檢查與骨盆檢查。

  • 追蹤頻率:

    • 前2年:每2至4個月回診一次。

    • 第3至5年: 每3至6個月回診一次。

    • 5 年之後:每年回診一次。

8.5.3 復發LGSC之療法

  • 二次手術條件:對於滿足以下條件的患者,可考慮進行二次減瘤手術:

    • 具有較長的無病間隔

    • 影像學顯示為孤立性腫塊而非彌漫性疾病

    • 出現腸阻塞症狀

  • LGSC復發首選全身性療法:由於對LGSC化療的高耐藥性,MEK抑制劑為首選療法。

  • MEK抑制劑抗癌機制:

    • MEK生理功能:MAPK/ERK訊息傳遞路徑與細胞生長、增殖與存活相關,上游為RTK-RAS/RAF的訊號,之後通過中游的節點的MEK蛋白傳遞訊息至ERK,最後影響DNA表現。多數LGSC患者帶有KRAS或NRAS突變,而使該路徑處於持續活化的狀態,導致癌細胞不斷分裂。

    • MEK抑制劑機制:能中斷MAPK/ERK路徑中的MEK蛋白,阻止持續活化的訊息傳遞,並妨礙癌細胞生存所需訊號。

  • 關鍵實證:

    • Trametinib:GOG-281/ LOGS第II/III期試驗顯示,Trametinib於復發後LGSC患者相較於傳統化療或賀爾蒙療法,能顯著延長PFS中位數。Trametinib是首個在復發後LGSC中證明優於化療的標靶藥物。[58]

    • Binimetinib:MILO/ ENGOT-ov11第II期試驗顯示,Binimetinib於此類患者無法顯著延長PFS中位數;但後驗分析顯示對KRAS突變患者仍有反應,且化療組表現比歷史數據更好。因此對於KRAS突變患者仍適合使用Binimetinib。[59]

  • 副作用

    • 皮疹:3-4級發生率達13%,需密切追蹤。

    • 腹瀉:3-4級發生率達10%,適時給予止瀉藥與電解質溶液治療。

    • 血壓升高:3-4級發生率達10%,適時給予降壓藥物。

8.5.4 BRAF V600E突變與標靶治療

  • Dabrafenib + Trametinib:NCI-MATCH試驗分析帶有BRAF V600E突變的罕見LGSC病例,雙標靶治療展現了極高的反應率 (38%),高於歷史上其他藥物之反應率 (5%)。目前FDA核准此組合療法,用於所有BRAF突變的實體瘤 (不分癌別)。[60]

表8.5 LGSC治療相關試驗與研究

試驗/對照組 試驗名稱 納入族群 關鍵結果
Maintenance Letrozole或Tamoxifen vs. 觀察 回顧性研究 [57]

70位LGSC患者在術後輔助化療後接受維持療法

133位僅觀察

mPFS: 64.9 vs. 26.4個月 (p< 0.001)*

mOS: 102.7 vs. 115.7個月

Trametinib (2mg QD) vs. 醫師選擇化療/荷爾蒙 GOG-281/ LOGS, phase II/III RCT [58] 260名經至少一次含鉑化療R/R LGSC患者

mPFS: 13.0 vs. 7.2個月 (HR: 0.48, P<0.0001)*

mOS: 37.6 vs. 29.2 個月 (HR: 0.76, p= 0.056)

Binimetinib (45mg BID) vs. 醫師選擇化療 MILO/ ENGOT-ov11, phase III RCT [59] 303位R/R LGSC患者

mPFS: 9.1 vs. 10.6個月 (HR 1.21)

ORR: 16% vs. 13%

Dabrafenib + Trametinib NCI-MATCH 子療法H (EAY131-H) [60] 35位BRAF V600E突變的各種晚期實體瘤 (含5例LGSC) ORR: 38%
mPFS: 11.4個月

HR: hazard ratio; LGSC: Low-grade serous carcinoma; mOS: median overall survival; mPFS: median progression-free survival; ORR: objective response rate; RCT: randomized controlled trial; R/R: relapsed/refractory/

8.6 卵巢生殖細胞腫瘤 (Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors)

  • 惡性生殖細胞腫瘤在臨床上相對少見,但卻是青少年與年輕女性最常見的卵巢惡性腫瘤,發病中位年齡僅為16至20歲。[6]

  • 臨床特徵:這類腫瘤雖然進展極快,但對鉑類藥物具有極高的敏感度,即便分期較晚,治癒率仍可超過85%。

8.6.1 外科原則:可保留生育功能

  • 可保留生育功能:與上皮癌不同,即便生殖細胞腫瘤已發生轉移 (第II-IV期),仍優先考慮保留子宮與至少一個卵巢,因為剩餘的微小病灶通常能透過後續化療徹底根除。

  • 青少年患者,若臨床高度懷疑為早期病變且影像學正常,特定個案討論下省略部分手術分期步驟以減少創傷。

8.6.2 術後輔助化療:BEP療法

術後輔助化療通常採用生殖細胞癌的標準療法-BEP (Bleomycin、Etoposide、Cisplatin) 3至4療程。此療法的療效顯著,但也伴隨著特定的毒性。[61]

  • Bleomycin肺毒性 [62]

    • 風險因子:腎功能低下、> 40歲、第四期癌症、Bleomycin累積劑量> 300 IU、高濃度氧氣、胸部放射線治療、抽菸、G-CSF的使用。

    • 追蹤:治療期間,每週至每兩週進行一次CXR;指導患者監測呼吸短促、乾咳等初期症狀,並定期安排肺功能檢查 (DLCO)。

    • 預防措施:嚴格核算累積劑量;避免於用藥期間使用非必要性的G-CSF;提醒患者勿進行水肺潛水,以避免壓力與氧氣濃度變化對肺部造成額外負擔。
      針對具風險因子之患者,可考慮換用VIP療法 (etoposide/ifosfamide/cisplatin)

  • Bleomycin皮膚毒性:包括皮膚色素沉澱、紅疹、角質化等。

  • 腎功能:Cisplatin具有強烈的腎毒性。住院醫師應開立充足的前後輸液,藥師應根據肌酸酐清除率評估劑量調整。

  • 生長性畸胎瘤症候群 (Growing Teratoma Syndrome) :這是一個臨床上的陷阱。若患者化療後AFP/hCG指標已恢復正常,但影像檢查發現殘餘病灶正在增大,這通常代表惡性成分已轉化為良性畸胎瘤,此時應採外科切除而非繼續化療。

  • 對於第I期無性細胞瘤或第I期1級未成熟畸胎瘤,目前的證據支持術後僅進行密切觀察,而非例行化療,以減少患者暴露於長期毒性的風險。

8.6.3 治療後的監測

對於接受化療後達到完全臨床緩解的患者:

  • 追蹤指標:需追蹤AFP與beta-HCG

  • 監測頻率:前2年內,每2至4個月進行一次臨床觀察

8.7 惡性性索基質腫瘤 (Malignant Sex Cord Stromal Cell Tumors)

  • 惡性性索基質腫瘤中最具代表性的是顆粒細胞瘤 (Granulosa Cell Tumors) 。這類腫瘤會產生雌激素,常導致不正常子宮出血或子宮內膜增生,這些症狀往往是診斷的契機。[6]

8.7.1 診斷指標與追蹤策略

  • 抑制素 (Inhibin):是顆粒細胞瘤最重要的生化標記。研究顯示,Inhibin B在腫瘤復發前數月即可觀察到升高現象,因此建議將其作為長期監測的必備項目。

  • Inhibin追蹤期:顆粒細胞瘤的追蹤期應長達20至30年,因為該疾病可能在數十年後才緩慢復發,與一般卵巢癌不同。

8.7.2 手術與藥物選擇

  • 對於侷限於單側卵巢的早期顆粒細胞瘤,可以進行生育保留手術,且若外觀正常,可省略淋巴結清除術。

  • 晚期或復發病患治療:BEP療法、Taxane/Carboplatin療法或各種賀爾蒙治療。

  • Bevacizumab單藥治療:對復發性顆粒細胞瘤具有臨床活性 (2B類建議)。

8.8 癌肉瘤 (Carcinosarcomas)

  • 臨床特性:卵巢癌肉瘤,過去被稱為惡性混合苗勒氏瘤 (MMMT) ,目前被病理學界定義為分化極差、且經歷了上皮-間質轉化 (EMT) 的上皮性癌亞型。這是所有卵巢惡性腫瘤中預後最差、侵襲性最強的一種,診斷時往往已處於晚期。[6]

  • 外科手術:由於惡性度高應採取最激進的減積策略,且不建議進行生育保留手術。

  • 術後輔助化療:比照高級別漿液性癌,但反應時間往往較短。NCCN指引也列出了Ifosfamide聯合Taxane或Cisplatin作為備選療法,但主要基於二期試驗的數據。[63]

8.9 邊緣性上皮腫瘤 (Borderline Epithelial Tumors)

  • 邊緣性上皮腫瘤在生物學行為上介於良性與惡性之間,其定義特徵是細胞具備異型性但無基質侵襲。[6]

  • 特性:發病年齡較輕,診斷時通常為第一期,五年存活率通常超過80%。

8.9.1 邊緣性上皮腫瘤的風險評估與治療

  • 非侵襲性植入:術後僅需定期影像與標記監測,不建議化療,因為化療並不能預防復發或提高存活率。

  • 侵襲性植入:這類患者的預後較差,治療應參考LGSC的療法,包括術後含鉑化療。

  • 手術建議:對於已完成生育任務的女性,指引建議在生育保留手術完成後幾年內考慮執行徹底手術以絕後患。

總結

  • 卵巢癌並非僅起源於卵巢,多數高惡性度漿液性癌實則源於輸卵管遠端上皮(STIC)。臨床診斷雖依賴影像,但最終必須透過精確的 FIGO 手術分期來確立治療基準;準確的分期是決定後續輔助治療強度與範圍的重要依據。

  • 手術預後與殘餘腫瘤大小呈直接正相關,是提升生存率的最佳手段。第一線化療應以鉑類為基礎的合併療法 (如Carboplatin + Paclitaxel),針對高腫瘤負荷患者,採用劑量密集 (Dose-dense) 方案可進一步強化存活獲益。

  • 對於廣泛轉移且難以達成R0的晚期患者,術前輔助化療能在不減損總存活率的前提下,顯著降低手術併發症與病死率。進入維持治療階段後,根據BRCA與HRD狀態選用 PARP 抑制劑已成為標準療法。

  • 復發治療的決策核心在於鉑類藥物敏感性的判定。針對鉑類敏感者,二次手術與再次含鉑化療是首選;針對鉑類抗藥性患者,傳統化療療效有限,臨床應積極導入新型 ADC 藥物 (如MIRV),針對特定分子標記 (如FRα) 達成精準打擊,以突破治療瓶頸。

作者:癌症諮詢雜貨店 傅彥崴 藥師

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